Currency risk is a form of risk that originates from changes in the relative valuation of currencies. These changes can result in unpredictable gains and losses when the profits or dividends from an investment are converted from the foreign currency into domestic currency.
As globalization and expanding currency markets having increased the importance of financial managers, the multinational company handles different currencies through export and imports, and is thus exposed to currency fluctuations. Also, EIU report highlights that firms see volatile exchange rates as the top risk for the year ahead. Add to this the fact that many companies are increasingly looking to do business in emerging markets to take advantage of their growth potential in contrast to the flatter performance of Western economies and the case for a currency risk management strategy has never been stronger. Furthermore, companies face tightening margins which puts them under even greater pressure to limit risk and any resulting potential losses. Therefore, awareness and assessment of risk management are issues more important not to ignore.
Take the Toyota as an example, according to BBS News in February, 2010, because of the strong yen and the lower demand, the organization’s profits declined by 39% in the final three months. Toyota’s president claimed that the company needed to be trading at a minimum of 90 to the US dollar to keep Japan’s manufacturing sector competitive, however yen currently trades at close to 82 per dollar. However, such situation revised in 2014. The BBC News said Toyota was forecasting record annual operating profits as the weaker yen helped to boost sales abroad. The yen has lost about 25% of its value against the US dollar since the late 2012, brought about by Prime minister’s economic policies, which have weaken the yen and benefit the country’s export driven companies.
From the above case, the fluctuation of exchange rate may largely impact a corporate export demand and lead to great losses. Currency risk becomes one of the common problems in multinational corporations. There are three main types of currency risks: transaction risk, translation risk and economics risk.
Transaction risk is the risk that transactions already entered into, or for which the firm is likely to have a commitment in a foreign currency, will have a variable value in the home currency because of exchangerate movements.Transaction risk also arises if the company invests abroad, opens a new office or manufactures plant. When the company exchanges the home currency for foreign currency to make the payment, the firm may experience the uncertainty if the exchange rate is subject to rate shifts.
Translation risk arises due to financial data denominated in one currency are the expressed in another currency. Such risk is often found between the parent company and subsidiary. The financial statements of overseas business units are usually translated into the home currency in order that they might be consolidated with the group’s financial statements, for instance, cash income, expenses assets or liabilities. However, if the exchange rates move significantly the results can be severely distorted.
Economic risk appears when a company’s economic value decline contributing to forex movements causing a loss in competitive strength. Compared with transaction risk, exchange rate movements not only affect the near future cash flows but the homebased production far into the future as well in terms of economic risk. Directly and indirectly influence by the fluctuation, economic risk, as the most severe risk in these three types, can badly damage a business.
There is a series of available methods to mitigate the currency risk and one of the prevalent approaches is hedging. “Conceptually, hedging is easy. Identify an exposure, find a derivative that generates a compensating gain or loss relative to the identified risk, size the derivative position to assure the proper offset and voila.” (Kawaller. 2008) However, hedging has various types according to the type of the currency risk. Generally, company would like to adopt future hedge, which is a foreign currency futures contract that agrees to exchange a specific amount of a currency for another at a fixed future date for a predetermined price. The corporation would sign this contract when they predict the exchange rate will grow up in future, which benefits them avoiding make a loss.
In addition to using financial contracts, a firm could also manage its currency risk through operational hedging. One of the advantages of an operational hedging is that it allows the company to align domestic currency production costs and revenues more closely. Unlike, financial hedging contracts, a firm’s operational hedging is likely to affect expected profits. For instance, having plants in several countries allows the company to shift some production to the location where costs, after observing the exchange rate movements, are the smallest in home currency terms.Creating this production flexibility may have a positive expected payoff.
well-explained and actually reflection from class.but more examples and applications would be better.
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