Last week I talked about the how the multinational companies direct invest in the foreign business market, which relates to the method of investment. This week I am going to discuss about one of the method: merger and acquisition.
According to Arnold (2008) merger is used mean the combing of two business entities under common ownership while an acquisition includes one company essentially taking over another company. Although the motivations may differ, the essential feature of both mergers and acquisitions involves one firm emerging where once there existed two firms. Another term frequently employed within discussions on this topic is takeover. A so called friendly takeover is often a euphemism for a merger. A hostile takeover refers to unwanted advances by outsiders. Thus, the reaction of management to the overtures from another firm tends to be the main influence on whether the resulting activities are labeled friendly or hostile.
There are a number of possible advantages that may result in a merger or acquisition. One of the most often cited benefits is to achieve economies of scale. Economies of scale may be defined as a lowering of the average cost to produce one unit due to an increase in the total amount of production. The idea is that the larger firm resulting from the merger can produce more cheaply than the previously separate firms. Efficiency is the key to achieving economies of scale, through the sharing of resources and technology and the elimination of needless duplication and waste. Economies of scale sounds good as a rationale for merger, but it may show that combining separate entities into a single, more efficient operation is not easy to accomplish in practice.
Another competitive advantage is to enlarge market presence and market share. After the combination, larger entity may have the ability to buy bulk quantities at discounts, the ability to store and inventory needed production inputs, and the ability to achieve mass distribution through sheer negotiating power. Greater market share also may contribute to advantageous pricing, since larger firms are able to compete effectively through volume sales with thinner profit margins. This type of merger or acquisition often results in the combining of complementary resources, such as a firm that is very good at distribution and marketing merging with a very efficient producer. The shared talents of the combined corporation may mean competitive advantages versus other, smaller competition.
There still exits restrictions and risks in a merger or acquisition, the major risk in M&A processes results from the fact that they are complex and time consuming, as the combination may last for several years. Furthermore, mergers and acquisition are very often connected with high operating costs as a result of the organizational and personal changes, severance pay for dismissed workers, technical and technological changes, training workers, etc. Barriers and the limitations which can appear before, during or after the consolidation process. Hence, it can be divided into internal which have their source in the enterprise and external on which the company only has limited influence.
The internal restrictions, which include workers’ resistance to changes or gaining funds for transactions, can be eliminated by proper actions undertaken by the management , for instance, preliminary research about the corporate financial possibilities and informing employees about planned changes. The external factors is the economic factor, such as the economic situation, GDP, legal and administrative solutions, the level of interest rate as well as political tensions, whose elimination or moderation is more difficult to control.
Apart from the unpredict changes of outside, lacking of suitable preparation and analysis prior to the completion of the transaction can also lead to a failure merger. One example of this is the merger of Daimler Benz AG ( Germanys) and CHrysler Corporation (USA) in 1998 resulting in a new connected company. However, a number of acquisitions proved to be misconceived and economically groundless. I 2004 the market value of the whole company was over half lower than the accumulated value of both companies before merger and in 2007 they decided to divide the company again. Therefore, before deciding to merger, the buyer company needs to make a prudent analysis of another corporate financial statement, avoiding unnecessary losses.
Nevertheless, not all mergers lead to unfavorable results. A significant example can be quoted is Facebook announced that they had bought messaging app Whatsapp in a deal worth a total of $19bn (£11.4bn) in cash and shares on 20th February, 2014. It is the social networking giant's biggest acquisition to date. The deal to buy it includes $4bn in cash and approximately $12bn worth of Facebook shares, plus an additional $3bn in stock to Whatsapp's founders and employees at a later date.
Conventional wisdom seems to be saying that Facebook paid too much to acquire Whatsapp, a mobile texting startup that is enjoying meteoric success in developing countries. However, from the perspective of market share, the price chart indicates that the Facebook has experienced a raising tendency as a whole, even though there is a slight drop (5%) after buying the Whatsapp. As Whatsapp enables people for free massages, more people start to use this application, and Whatsapp actually has greater penetration in a lot of international markets than Facebook. Therefore, such purchase benefits Facebook bringing in more overseas individuals to join in, especially young adults.
It is a nice bolg, you make a specific discussion about the benefits of M&A. And also included some relevant cases to make a better description. You just talk about reading financial statement carefully before M&A activities (in Daimler Benz AG and CHrysler Corporation case ), and it remind me another case about HP. In that case, the accountant is accused of making wrong statements. So may be more information should be gathered and the buyer need investigate the truth. Thank you for your sharing.
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