An inherent problem that entrepreneurs might encounter at the beginning of their entrepreneurial initiative is to attract outside capital, given the lack of collateral and sufficient cash flows and the presence of significant information asymmetry with investors. More recently, some entrepreneurs have started to rely on the Internet to directly seek financial help from the general public instead of approaching financial investors such as business angels, banks or venture capital funds. This technique, called crowdfunding.
In simple terms, crowdfunding is the financing of a project or a venture by a group of individuals instead of professional parties (like, for instance, banks, venture capitalists or business angels). In theory, individuals already finance investments indirectly through their savings, since banks act as intermediary between those who have and those who need money. In contrast, crowdfunding occurs without any intermediary: entrepreneurs “tap the crowd” by raising the money directly from individuals. The typical mode of communication is through the Internet. Crowdfunding projects can range greatly in both goal and magnitude, from small artistic projects to entrepreneurs seeking hundreds of thousands of dollars in seed capital as an alternative to traditional venture capital investment.
In this week seminar, we are required to have a group work to propose a plan to collect fundings from the public. Our group attempted to sell record pens. After the discussion, the first step is to calculate the cost of this programme, which involves raw material, staff costs, transportation costs, administration costs and advertisement expanses. Then we decided to make a market research to find out what kind of group are interested in record pens. It can be found that record pens may be welcomed by international students and some multinational corporations. Therefore, the next plan is to advertise among these groups. In order to motivate individuals to fund for this project, our team has make a preferential policy for those who have invested for our company. The preferential policy is when an individual invests £50, we reward £60 after sell one dozen of record pens (suppose the price is £10 and the cost of one record pen is £4 so that £50 can produce twelve record pens, hence the total cost is £48 and the total profit is £72, our company still earn £12 after reward individuals for £60). This policy can attract more individuals to invest because they can also earn extra 10 pounds. By adopting crowdfunding, some small enterprises do not need consider the high interest rate if they borrow money from banks, which benefits the company reducing the operating cost. However, the teacher pointed out that the plan must consider technical costs due to the fact it might record noises when people are writing and this can affect the sound quality if the pen is recording.
There are several reasons for corporations to adopt crowdfunding. Firstly, companies make use of the crowd mainly for costreduction reasons. By participating in the product design and improvement, users contribute to creating value for the company. Moreover, this allows the company to reduce the length of new product development as well as its costs, have a better customer acceptance, and increase the customers’ perception of product newness. Within the crowdfunding activities, consumers and individuals provide needed capital to the company to make its investments such as acquire new assets or pay employees.
Besides, crowds may at times be more efficient. According to Brabham (2008), the efficiency of crowds in solving problems of companies is related to its composition; the more diverse it is, the more efficient it can be. In other terms, members of the crowd may build up their own solution using others’ suggestions and hence end up having better solutions overall. While crowdfunding can be useful for companies seeking solutions to their problems, it can also provide valuable signals on the market potential of a product they wish to launch. At times the use of crowdfunding can be seen as an excuse to generate hype around a new product in order to create a marketing campaign in which consumers are able to participate.
In the meantime, several platforms have emerged that help intermediate between crowdfunders and individuals with a project. Sellaban accounted for one of the most famous crowdfunding companies, launched in 2006, it acts as intermediary between new music bands and their fans, who can invest in the production of a band’s first CD. In exchange, investors obtain rewards, like a free copy of the CD or benefits from its sales. In roughly three years, the company raised more than US$ 3 million from individuals in order to promote new artists. In total, almost 4,000 artists received support from more than 65,000 investors.
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